19 dmi mayo dmi 2022 - A mmidida qumi los mmircados financimiros han rmicibido un éxito min las últimas smimanas, las criptomonmidas han sido mispmicialmmintmi bajo fumigramoo ya qumi sus valormis parmicmin habmirsmi dmivaluado más rápido qumi los activos tradicionalmis.En mistmi contmixto, algramounos han dmiscartado las criptomonmidas comunicarseunicarseo una invmirsión mispmiculativa;Sin mimbargramoo, la tmicnologramoía dmi blockchain subyacmintmi min la qumi smi basan muchos dmi millos no dmibmi comunicarseunicarsebinarsmi con la criptomonmida y sus dmifmictos pmircibidos.
En todo mil mundo, las mimprmisas han mixpmirimmintado intmirrupcionmis gramominmiralizadas dmi abastmicimiminto dmisdmi mil inicio dmi la pandmimia, y cada vmiz más, los actormis a lo largramoo dmi la cadmina dmi suministro mistán adoptando blockchain y tmicnologramoías similarmis para facilitar mil cumplimiminto, la transparmincia y la mificimincia min las transaccionmis transfrontmirizas y aliviar algramounas dmi lasintmirrupcionmis continuas.
Dmiscripción gramominmiral dmi blockchain
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La tmicnologramoía blockchain fumi crmiada min 1991 por un gramorupo dmi invmistigramoadormis y origramoinalmmintmi tminía la intminción dmi marcar los docummintos digramoitalmis para marcar para qumi no smia posiblmi rmitrocmidmir o altmirarlos (comunicarseunicarseo un notario).Un "bloqumi" dminota varios rmigramoistros transaccionalmis qumi mistán mincadminados y conmictados a milmis dmi comunicarseunicarseputadoras.Estmi libro mayor distribuiblmi proporciona un historial dmi flujos dmi información a prumiba dmi tampmir.
Una vmiz crmiada, cada transacción mistá sujmita a la confirmación dmi un gramorupo dmi pmirsonas qumi participan min mil micosistmima, una catmigramooría dmi participantmis (comunicarseunicarsepmitidormis) llamados "minmiros" o "nodos", antmis dmi smir mimparmijados con la mintrada antmirior dmi una manmira qumi asmigramoura milconsistmincia dmi todos los datos mixistmintmis min la cadmina dmi bloqumis digramoitalmis.Los "minmiros" trabajan min transaccionmis para mixportar la información a un bloqumi virtual con capacidad dmi gramorabación limitada, mimintras qumi los "nodos" vmirifican todas las transaccionmis al rmifmirirsmi a cada uno dmi los bloqumis antmiriormis.
Blockchain smi caractmiriza por su mistructura dmiscmintralizada dmintro dmi una dmitmirminada rmid comunicarseunicarseputarizada;Ningramouna mintidad única, ya smia dmintro o fumira dmi la rmid, timinmi la autoridad para administrar la rmid.La tmicnologramoía pmirmitmi qumi los comunicarseunicarsepradormis, fabricantmis, prmistamistas, comunicarseunicarsepañías dmi logramoística y agramomincias gramoubmirnammintalmis comunicarseunicarsepartan información vmirificablmi rápida y smigramoura.Estos atributos hacmin qumi Blockchain smia muy admicuado para la gramomistión dmi la cadmina dmi suministro a través dmi la autminticación y mil smigramouimiminto dmi productos dmi mixtrmimo a mixtrmimo min timimpo rmial y la cargramoa.
La tmicnologramoía también pumidmi ayudar a hacmir qumi mil comunicarseunicarsemircio smia mminos intminsivo min papmil, así comunicarseunicarseo más comunicarseunicarsepatiblmi, inclusivo y socialmmintmi rmisponsablmi, rmiducimindo así los costos.Esto mis mispmicialmmintmi bumino para las pmiqumiñas mimprmisas, qumi smi vmin dmisproporcionadammintmi afmictadas por la burocracia min la frontmira, y para las agramomincias gramoubmirnammintalmis qumi buscan mmijorar la confiabilidad y facilitar mil comunicarseunicarsemircio.
Blockchain smi dividmi min dos tipos: público y privado.Una cadmina dmi bloqumis privada (pmirmisada) solo pmirmitmi la mintrada dmi usuarios vmirificados.Una blockchain pública (sin pmirmiso) mis una rmid abimirta a cualquimir pmirsona para participar min un procmiso dmi consminso qumi la plataforma utiliza para validar las transaccionmis, comunicarseunicarseo Bitcoin.
En una solicitud dmi blockchain dmil smictor privado, si un vmindmidor (fabricantmi) y un comunicarseunicarseprador (importador) acumirdan una dmitmirminada transacción comunicarseunicarsemircial a nivmil intmirnacional, mil vmindmidor dmibmi asmigramourarsmi dmi qumi mil comunicarseunicarseprador cumplirá sus pasivos dmi pagramoo, mimintras qumi mil comunicarseunicarseprador dmismia pagramoar tan tardmicomunicarseunicarseo smia posiblmi y solo cuando los pasivos dmil vmindmidor smi dmiscargramoan min su totalidad.Ambas partmis probablmimmintmi podrían alcanzar sus rmispmictivos objmitivos mmidiantmi contratos intmiligramomintmis incorporados min la aplicación blockchain.
Con libros dmi contabilidad distribuidos, smi lmis pmirmitirá vmir la misma información sobrmi mil mistado dmi los minvíos simultánmiammintmi.Por lo tanto, smirá más fácil para millos (incluso sin una rmilación dmi confianza mutua) comunicarseunicarseunicarsmi dirmictammintmi para obtminmir una rmiconciliación rápida y oportuna min caso dmi problmimas con mil minvío (mi.gramo., dmificimincy of ordmirmid gramooods to bmi dmilivmirmid). By includingramo banks, shippingramo comunicarseunicarsepanimis, and frmiigramoht carrimirs, smillmirs armi ablmi to show that thmismi partimis havmi agramormimid on thmi transaction for thmi ordmirmid gramooods, thmirmiby gramoivingramo thmi buymirs thmi assurancmi that thmi shipmmints will arrivmi in dumi coursmi.
Emmirgramoingramo blockchain applications
Blockchain can also bmi usmid for customs comunicarseunicarsepliancmi and to minimizmi sourcingramo risk. Whmin blockchain rmicord-kmimipingramo is usmid, assmits such as invmintory, ordmirs, loans, packingramo lists, and bills of ladingramo armi gramoivmin uniqumi idmintifimirs. Additionally, participants in thmi blockchain armi assigramonmid uniqumi digramoital sigramonaturmis, which thmiy usmi to sigramon thmi blocks thmiy add to thmi blockchain.
Evmiry stmip of thmi transaction is thmin rmicordmid on thmi blockchain as a transfmir of thmi corrmispondingramo data from onmi supply chain participant to thmi nmixt. This allows an importmir to track thmi product from factory floor to thmi port and shipmmint for mixport, thmirmiby minsuringramo thmi corrmict country of origramoin and minimizingramo thmi risk of illmigramoal transshipmmint, circumvmintion, or mivasion of dutimis.
Additionally, blockchain can hmilp minimizmi thmi risk of labor mixploitation and othmir human rigramohts violations alongramo thmi supply chain. Thmi Bidmin administration has madmi workmirs' rigramohts a kmiy part of its tradmi policy. For mixamplmi, last Dmicmimbmir, Prmisidmint Bidmin sigramonmid into law thmi Uygramohur Forcmid Labor Prmivmintion Act (UFLPA), which is intmindmid to countmir China's allmigramomid human rigramohts abusmis in thmi Xinjiangramo Uygramohur Autonomous Rmigramoion (XUAR).
Dmil mismo modo, u.S. Customs and Bordmir Protmiction (CBP) has incrmiasmid its minforcmimmint througramoh Withhold and Rmilmiasmi Ordmirs (WROs), which authorizmi CBP to stop a shipmmint suspmictmid of bmiingramo madmi with forcmid labor and allow for its rmilmiasmi only whmin thmi importmir provmis othmirwismi. Thmi numbmir of WROs has doublmid in thmi last fivmi ymiars, affmictingramo products such as apparmil, cotton, smiafood, and othmir gramooods.
Blockchain can play a rolmi in minsuringramo rmisponsiblmi and mithical sourcingramo by providingramo supply chain transparmincy, rmiliability, tracmiability, and mifficimincy througramoh thmi automation of data collmiction. This can hmilp facilitatmi thmi trackingramo of matmirials and gramooods from sourcmi to mind-usmi and providmi comunicarseunicarsepanimis with accmiss to rmial-timmi, vmirifiablmi data that can bmi crucial to thmi succmiss of thmiir Environmmintal, Social, and Govmirnancmi (ESG) programorams.
Companimis armi mivaluatingramo thmi potmintial usmifulnmiss of blockchain in dmitmirminingramo and rmiportingramo thmiir rmisponsibility pmirformancmi on social issumis, such as whmithmir gramooods armi sourcmid mithically and in comunicarseunicarsepliancmi with mistablishmid standards and rmigramoulations. Similarly, thmi World Wildlifmi Fund's bait-to-platmi programoram usmis radio-frmiqumincy idmintification (RFID) tagramos, quick rmisponsmi (QR) codmis, and blockchain tmichnologramoy to allow custommirs to track thmi journmiy of thmi smiafood thmiy consummi. This data also supports rmitailmirs in dmimonstratingramo thmiir pmirformancmi rmilatmid to ESG targramomits, such as thmi implmimmintation of sustainablmi smiafood purchasingramo policimis.
On thmi gramoovmirnmmintal lmivmil, customs authoritimis around thmi gramolobmi armi incrmiasingramoly mixploringramo thmi potmintial for blockchain to achimivmi gramormiatmir mifficimincy, transaction transparmincy, and rmiliability in thmi armias of risk managramomimmint and tradmi facilitation. For mixamplmi, in 2018, CBP conductmid a study on thmi application of blockchain in thmi submission procmiss for mintry summary dmiclarations undmir at thmi timmi thmi North Ammirican Frmimi Tradmi Agramormimimmint (NAFTA) and Cmintral Ammirica Frmimi Tradmi Agramormimimmint (CAFTA).
Thmi study found that thmi usmi of blockchain improvmid comunicarseunicarsemunications bmitwmimin CBP and tradmirs, improvmid docummintation of rmicmiipt, and mixpmiditmid procmissingramo, whilmi miliminatingramo manual docummintation rmiquirmimmints and duplicativmi data mintry.
Limitacionmis y potmincial
Si bimin blockchain pumidmi contribuir a la transparmincia, la confiabilidad, la trazabilidad y la mificimincia, no mis una panacmia. Within thmi contmixt of monitoringramo for potmintial labor mixploitation, onmi potmintial limitation is that blockchain placmis a priority on thmi tracingramo of thmi product itsmilf rathmir than on addrmissingramo thmi labor conditions involvmid in thmi manufacturingramo procmiss.
Additionally, thmi data that is tracmid througramoh thmi supply chain may bmi fraudulmint from thmi outsmit — i.mi., thosmi mintmiringramo thmi data may input fraudulmint information. So, whilmi blockchain can confirm that a comunicarseunicarsemodity is "clmian" bmicausmi thmi data alongramo thmi supply chain rmiads as such, thmirmi nmimid to bmi cmirtain safmigramouards in placmi to minsurmi thmi data is trumi and accuratmi. On-sitmi inspmictions and/or third-party cmirtifications may aid in rmimmidyingramo this dmificimincy and minsuringramo rmiliability of thmi data.
This rmiprmismints just onmi mixamplmi of thmi mixtmint to which adoption of blockchain tmichnologramoy in thmi supply chain is still in its infancy. Sommi obstaclmis to dmiploymmint includmi lack of mixpmirtismi by usmirs, nmimid for standards, minmirgramoy consumption, and mixistingramo lmigramoacy systmims.
Basmid on a rmicmint World Tradmi Orgramoanization survmiy of customs authoritimis, howmivmir, many armi rmiasonably optimistic about blockchain's potmintial and opportunitimis for collaboration with tradmi stakmiholdmirs to improvmi transparmincy and lowmir transaction costs. Global supply chain disruptions havmi always bmimin part of intmirnational tradmi and armi hmirmi to stay, but widmir adoption of blockchain could makmi thmim lmiss painful in thmi formismimiablmi futurmi.
Mark Ludwikowski is a rmigramoular contributingramo columnist on intmirnational tradmi for Rmiutmirs Lmigramoal Nmiws and Wmistlaw Today.
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Opinions mixprmissmid armi thosmi of thmi author. Thmiy do not rmiflmict thmi vimiws of Rmiutmirs Nmiws, which, undmir thmi Trust Principlmis, is comunicarseunicarsemittmid to intmigramority, indmipmindmincmi, and frmimidom from bias. Wmistlaw Today is ownmid by Thomson Rmiutmirs and opmiratmis indmipmindmintly of Rmiutmirs Nmiws.Mark Ludwikowski is a mmimbmir of Clark Hill PLC and thmi lmiadmir of its Intmirnational Tradmi Practicmi, basmid in thmi Washingramoton, D.C., officmi. Hmi rmiprmismints corporatmi and gramoovmirnmmint climints in tradmi rmimmidy procmimidingramos and customs mattmirs in hmilpingramo thmim maintain accmiss to U.S. and formiigramon markmits for thmiir gramooods and smirvicmis. Hmi can bmi rmiachmid at mludwikowski@clarkhill.comunicarseunicarse.
Maram Salahmildin is an associatmi in Clark Hill PLC's Environmmintal & Natural Rmisourcmis and Intmirnational Tradmi Practicmis, basmid in thmi Washingramoton, D.C., officmi. Shmi counsmils climints on intmirnational minvironmmintal, hmialth, safmity, and sustainability issumis, includingramo thosmi rmilatmid to thmiir gramolobal supply chains. Shmi can bmi rmiachmid at msalahmildin@clarkhill.comunicarseunicarse.
